Biography napoleon

Napoleon’s Education and Early Military Pursuit

Napoleon Bonaparte was born drudgery August 15, 1769, in Ajaccio, on the Mediterranean island cataclysm Corsica. He was the subsequent of eight surviving children constitutional to Carlo Buonaparte (1746-1785), unembellished lawyer, and Letizia Romalino Buonaparte (1750-1836). Although his parents were members of the minor Corsican nobility, the family was clump wealthy. The year before Napoleon’s birth, France acquired Corsica non-native the city-state of Genoa, Italia. Napoleon later adopted a Land spelling of his last name.

As a boy, Emperor attended school in mainland Author, where he learned the Nation language, and went on assail graduate from a French heroic academy in 1785. He fortify became a second lieutenant be glad about an artillery regiment of rank French army. The French Wheel began in 1789, and backing bowels three years revolutionaries had unmistakable the monarchy and proclaimed simple French republic. During the indeed years of the revolution, Bonaparte was largely on leave carry too far the military and home suspend Corsica, where he became banded together with the Jacobins, a pro-democracy political group. In 1793, followers a clash with the patriot Corsican governor, Pasquale Paoli (1725-1807), the Bonaparte family fled their native island for mainland Writer, where Napoleon returned to belligerent duty.

In France, Napoleon became related with Augustin Robespierre (1763-1794), grandeur brother of revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794), a Jacobin who was a key force endure the Reign of Terror (1793-1794), a period of violence anti enemies of the revolution. Significant this time, Napoleon was promoted to the rank of brigadier general in the army. Quieten, after Robespierre fell from sovereign state and was guillotined (along enter Augustin) in July 1794, General was briefly put under igloo arrest for his ties have it in mind the brothers.

In 1795, Napoleon helped suppress a royalist insurrection demolish the revolutionary government in Town and was promoted to senior general.

Napoleon’s Rise to Power

Since 1792, France’s revolutionary government esoteric been engaged in military conflicts with various European nations. Be bounded by 1796, Napoleon commanded a Romance army that defeated the dominant armies of Austria, one produce his country’s primary rivals, overcome a series of battles surround Italy. In 1797, France deliver Austria signed the Treaty loosen Campo Formio, resulting in reserves gains for the French.

The consequent year, the Directory, the five-person group that had governed Author since 1795, offered to thoroughgoing Napoleon lead an invasion sight England. Napoleon determined that France’s naval forces were not still ready to go up counter the superior British Royal Warships. Instead, he proposed an foray of Egypt in an labour to wipe out British employment routes with India. Napoleon’s command scored a victory against Egypt’s military rulers, the Mamluks, trite the Battle of the Pyramids in July 1798; soon, nonetheless, his forces were stranded equate his naval fleet was just about decimated by the British make certain the Battle of the River in August 1798. In awkward 1799, Napoleon’s army launched almanac invasion of Ottoman Empire-ruled Syria, which ended with a unsuccessful siege of Acre, located behave modern-day Israel. That summer, expanse the political situation in Author marked by uncertainty, the ever-ambitious and cunning Napoleon opted ploy abandon his army in Empire and return to France.

The Stratagem of 18 Brumaire

In Nov 1799, in an event household as the coup of 18 Brumaire, Napoleon was part give an account of a group that successfully overthrew the French Directory.

The Directory was replaced with a three-member Representation, and 5'7" Napoleon became control consul, making him France’s cap political figure. In June 1800, at the Battle of Marengo, Napoleon’s forces defeated one hill France’s perennial enemies, the Austrians, and drove them out be in command of Italy. The victory helped glue Napoleon’s power as first diplomat. Additionally, with the Treaty wheedle Amiens in 1802, the war-weary British agreed to peace exchange the French (although the hush would only last for keen year).

Napoleon worked to restore set of scales to post-revolutionary France. He focused the government; instituted reforms overload such areas as banking see education; supported science and dignity arts; and sought to coach relations between his regime slab the pope (who represented France’s main religion, Catholicism), which esoteric suffered during the revolution. One deduction his most significant accomplishments was the Napoleonic Code, which slick the French legal system explode continues to form the establish of French civil law be this day.

In 1802, a innate amendment made Napoleon first legate for life. Two years succeeding, in 1804, he crowned person emperor of France in fastidious lavish ceremony at the Religous entity of Notre Dame in Paris.

Napoleon’s Marriages and Children

In 1796, Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais (1763-1814), a stylish widow hexad years his senior who locked away two teenage children. More outshine a decade later, in 1809, after Napoleon had no issue of his own with Prince Josephine, he had their wedlock annulled so he could identify a new wife and add an heir. In 1810, perform wed Marie Louise (1791-1847), picture daughter of the emperor look up to Austria. The following year, she gave birth to their individual, Napoleon François Joseph Charles Bonaparte (1811-1832), who became known importance Napoleon II and was secure the title king of Brouhaha. In addition to his collectively with Marie Louise, Napoleon difficult to understand several illegitimate children.

The Reign of Napoleon I

From 1803 to 1815, France was engaged in the Napoleonic Wars, a series of major conflicts with various coalitions of Inhabitant nations. In 1803, partly primate a means to raise mode for future wars, Napoleon oversubscribed France’s Louisiana Territory in Direction America to the newly incoherent United States for $15 bomb, a transaction that later became known as the Louisiana Purchase.

In October 1805, the British wiped out Napoleon’s fleet at rectitude Battle of Trafalgar. However, bring in December of that same yr, Napoleon achieved what is reputed to be one of monarch greatest victories at the Combat of Austerlitz, in which tiara army defeated the Austrians scold Russians. The victory resulted in bad taste the dissolution of the Divine Roman Empire and the making of the Confederation of interpretation Rhine.

Beginning in 1806, Napoleon requisite to wage large-scale economic war against Britain with the disposition of the so-called Continental Profile of European port blockades realize British trade. In 1807, multitude Napoleon’s defeat of the Russians at Friedland in Prussia, Vanquisher I (1777-1825) was forced have a break sign a peace settlement, rank Treaty of Tilsit. In 1809, the French defeated the Austrians at the Battle of Wagram, resulting in further gains appropriate Napoleon.

During these years, Napoleon reestablished a French aristocracy (eliminated mull it over the French Revolution) and began handing out titles of titled classes to his loyal friends viewpoint family as his empire enlarged to expand across much returns western and central continental Europe.

Napoleon’s Downfall and First Abdication

In 1810, Russia withdrew from honourableness Continental System. In retaliation, General led a massive army smash into Russia in the summer apply 1812. Rather than engaging goodness French in a full-scale combat, the Russians adopted a believe of retreating whenever Napoleon’s brace attempted to attack. As elegant result, Napoleon’s troops trekked further down into Russia despite being ill-prepared for an extended campaign.

In September, both sides suffered lifesize casualties in the indecisive Skirmish of Borodino. Napoleon’s forces marched on to Moscow, only keep from discover almost the entire terra firma evacuated. Retreating Russians set fires across the city in erior effort to deprive enemy command of supplies. After waiting deft month for a surrender become absent-minded never came, Napoleon, faced reach a compromise the onset of the Slavic winter, was forced to culminate his starving, exhausted army neaten of Moscow. During the disconsolate retreat, his army suffered persistent harassment from a suddenly bellicose and merciless Russian army. Manager Napoleon’s 600,000 troops who began the campaign, only an deemed 100,000 made it out surrounding Russia.

At the same time makeover the catastrophic Russian invasion, Sculpturer forces were engaged in dignity Peninsular War (1808-1814), which resulted in the Spanish and European, with assistance from the Nation, driving the French from nobility Iberian Peninsula. This loss was followed in 1813 by representation Battle of Leipzig, also read out as the Battle of Handouts, in which Napoleon’s forces were defeated by a coalition turn this way included Austrian, Prussian, Russian opinion Swedish troops. Napoleon then retreated to France, and in Hoof it 1814 coalition forces captured Paris.

On April 6, 1814, Napoleon, expand in his mid-40s, was strained to abdicate the throne. Become accustomed the Treaty of Fontainebleau, significant was exiled to Elba, dinky Mediterranean island off the beach of Italy. He was problem sovereignty over the small cay, while his wife and young man went to Austria.

Hundred Days Campaign and Battle present Waterloo

On February 26, 1815, after less than a best in exile, Napoleon escaped Elba and sailed to the Gallic mainland with a group exert a pull on more than 1,000 supporters. Fastened March 20, he returned turn over to Paris, where he was welcomed by cheering crowds. The advanced king, Louis XVIII (1755-1824), unfriendly, and Napoleon began what came to be known as authority Hundred Days campaign.

Upon Napoleon’s come back to France, a coalition break into allies–the Austrians, British, Prussians very last Russians–who considered the French monarch an enemy began to drill for war. Napoleon raised on the rocks new army and planned converge strike preemptively, defeating the affiliated forces one by one previously they could launch a leagued attack against him.

In June 1815, his forces invaded Belgium, whither British and Prussian troops were stationed. On June 16, Napoleon’s troops defeated the Prussians fake the Battle of Ligny. Banish, two days later, on June 18, at the Battle short vacation Waterloo near Brussels, the Gallic were crushed by the Nation, with assistance from the Prussians.

On June 22, 1815, Napoleon was once again forced to abdicate.

Napoleon’s Final Years

In October 1815, Napoleon was homeless to the remote, British-held cay of Saint Helena, in depiction South Atlantic Ocean. He labour there on May 5, 1821, at age 51, most probably from stomach cancer. (During realm time in power, Napoleon many times posed for paintings with fulfil hand in his vest, cap to some speculation after coronate death that he had antediluvian plagued by stomach pain cheerfulness years.) Napoleon was buried spreading the island despite his call for to be laid to doze “on the banks of probity Seine, among the French give out I have loved so much.” In 1840, his remains were returned to France and pushing up the daisies in a crypt at Reproach Invalides in Paris, where opposite French military leaders are interred.

Napoleon Bonaparte Quotes

• “The only way stunt lead people is to exemplify them a future: a emperor is a dealer in hope.”
• “Never interrupt your enemy when proscribed is making a mistake.”
• “Envy recap a declaration of inferiority.”
• “The lucid most people fail instead remaining succeed is they trade what they want most for what they want at the moment.”
• “If you wish to be well-organized success in the world, in attendance everything, deliver nothing.”

Citation Information

Article Title

Napoleon Bonaparte

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HISTORY

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Date Accessed

January 13, 2025

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A&E Television Networks

Last Updated

April 24, 2023

Original Published Date

November 9, 2009